Vous souhaitez faire quelque chose pour votre bien-être et pour votre santé ?François Girard, magnétiseur, énergéticien, coupeur de feu, vous écoute et vous propose son expérience et son savoir-faire.Je reçois sur rendez-vous en cabinet dans les Hauts de Seine, ou à votre domicile si vous ne pouvez ou ne souhaitez pas vous déplacer.Soins à distance sur demande.Travail personnalisé et accompagnement.Me contacter 06 75 69 70 38 "Fais du bien à ton corps pour ton âme ait envie d'y rester" (Proverbe Indien) Soulager, apaiser, rééquilibrer Je propose une large gamme de soins et de services dans le domaine de la santé et du bien-être.Membre professionnel du G.N.O.M.A (Groupement National pour l'Organisation des Médecines Alternatives) En savoir plus Le magnétisme curatif constitue la plus ancienne et la plus simple méthode de soins à disposition de l'humanité.On trouve la présence de soins par imposition des mains dans des civilisations millénaires (Egypte ancienne, Chine, Grèce et Rome antique..).

Encore de nos jours, quelle est la mère qui ne pose pas instinctivement la main sur la douleur de son enfant qui pleure !Les bienfaits du magnétisme curatif ne sont plus à prouver.Il permet de soulager de nombreux maux, sans aucun risque et sans effets indésirables.En savoir plus sur le magnétisme et sur François Girard (vidéo) Reiki veut dire : énergie vitale universelle.Il s'agit d'une puissante méthode de guérison et de relaxation qui soigne l'esprit et le corps.Dans son histoire, l'humanité a toujours connu des méthodes de guérison fondées sur le transfert d'une énergie vitale universellement présente, cette même énergie qui donne naissance à toute forme de vie et qui la nourrit.Le système de Reiki Usui ne constitue pas uniquement la méthode de guérison la plus simple et la plus naturelle que l'on connaisse.Il s'agit aussi de la technique la plus efficace de transfert de cette énergie vitale.Le Reiki permet de fortifier le corps et l'esprit, de restaurer l'harmonie et le bien-être spirituel, d'équilibrer la circulation de l'énergie dans le corps et de dissoudre les blocages.

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Y U K S E L G O K N E L .C O M 2.DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 2 MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS Morphemes are defined as the smallest meaningful language units in lan- guages.vaporizer bekasFor instance, the word “um*brel*la” has three syllables.None of these three syllables are significant units on their own; they have sense only when they are articulated or heard together.So, these three syllables form a single shortest meaningful unit together, and consequently, umbrella is both a morpheme and a word.Such words are called free morphemes.However, although the suffixes are also the smallest meaningful units, they do not convey any sense unless they are attached to word roots or stems.Such morphemes are called bound morphemes.All the words have roots or stems like “open”, “soft-en”, “clean”, “beauty”, “success”, “book”, etc. Some morphemes (suffixes or prefixes) are attached to these roots or stems.

For instance, “open-ed”, “clean-ed”, “success-ful”, “beauti- ful”, "whiten-ed" “teach-er“, “ir-respons-ible”, “un-count-able”, “un-necessari- ly”, “go-ing”, etc. Look at page 391 for roots, stems and verb frames.As one could see, there are two kinds of suffıxes and prefixes in the given examples above.Some of these morphemes change the meaning and the part of speech they belong with when they are attached to different roots or stems.Some others, however, add certain inflectional meanings to verb and noun roots or stems such as tense, voice, person, mood, number, direction or state without changing their root or stem meanings.A morpheme that changes the meaning of a root or stem is called a derivational morpheme (yapım eki); the other one, which does not change the meaning of a root or stem, is called an inflectional morpheme (çekim eki).Both the derivational and inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes.

Some bound morphemes (suffixes in Turkish) have different pronunciation variants that bear the same meanings as the morphemes.For instance, in English, when the plural [S] morpheme is attached to the noun “book”, it is pronounced as /s/; in “boy-s” as /z/; and in “box-es” as /iz/.As they are the different pronunciation variants of the same morpheme [S], they are named as the allomorphs of the morpheme [S].There are a lot more allomorphs in Turkish than there are in English.This is because bound morphemes go through some vowel and consonant changes according to the vowel and consonant rules of the Turkish lan-guage when they are attached to roots or stems and to one another, and this process causes different allomorphs to arise.All the allomorphs of a certain morpheme carry 3.DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 3 the same meaning vocalizing differently, and therefore they do not change the meaning of the morphemes because The Turkish sound system functions independently of the Turkish morphemic system.

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS Anlamlı Yapım Ekleri Ve Onların Altbiçimbirimleri Derivational morphemes (suffixes) are bound morphemes that change the lexical meaning or the part of speech of a word used in a sentence: MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO NOUNS THAT PRODUCE NOUNS [CĠ] allomorphs: ♫ [ci, cı, cü, cu, çi, çı, çü, çu] When the nouns ending with vocals (vowels or voiced consonants) are at- tached to the morpheme [CĠ], the /i/ vowel in this morpheme changes into /i, ı, ü, u/ in accordance with the vowel harmony rules.However, if a noun ends with an unvoiced consonant, the /c/ voiced consonants also change into the /ç/ unvoiced consonants in agreement with the consonant harmony rules: peynir-ci (cheese seller), posta-cı (postman), üzüm-cü (grapes seller), turĢu- cu (pickles seller), sepet-çi (basket maker), balık-çı (fisherman), süt-çü (milkman), ok-çu (archer), aş-çı (cook), kale-ci (goal-keeper), kahve-ci (coffee seller), saat-çi (watch repairer or seller), mobilya-cı (furniture seller), kaçak-çı (smuggler), musluk-çu (plumber), yaban-cı (foreigner), çiçek-çi (florist), yol-cu (traveler), sanat-çı (artist), göz-cü (watch, watchman), söz-cü (spokesman), politika-cı (politician), milliyet-çi (nationalist), diş-çi (dentist), kira-cı (tenant), Ģarkı-cı (singer), börek-çi (someone who sells pies), boya-cı (painter), demir- ci (blacksmith), halter-ci (weight lifter).

[LĠK] allomorphs: ♫ [lik, lık, lük, luk] meyve-lik (a bowl where fruit is kept), kitap-lık (bookcase), göz-lük (eye- glasses), odun-luk (a place where firewood is kept), ağız-lık (cigarette holder), kulak-lık (headphones), çaydan-lık (tea pot), mezar-lık (graveyard), Ģeker-lik (a bowl in which candies are kept), çokevli-lik (polygamy), tuz-luk (saltshaker), çocuk-luk (childhood), maskara-lık (farce, foolery), soytarı-lık (clowning), dost-luk (friendship), düĢman-lık (enmity), gece-lik (pajamas, nightgown), ön- lük (apron), güven-lik (safety), anne-lik (motherhood), evlat-lık (adopted child), kahraman-lık (heroism).[CĠ-LĠK] allomorphs: ♫ [ci.lik, cı.lık, cü.lük, cu.luk, çi.lik, çı.lık, çü.lük, çu.luk] av-cı.lık (hunting), meyve-ci.lik (selling fruit), ön-cü.lük (leadership), yol-cu-luk (traveling), aş-çı.lık (cooking), fal-cı.lık (fortune telling), tefe-ci.lik (usury), çiçek- 4.

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 4 çi.lik (selling flowers), çif-çi.lik (farming), hava-cı.lık (aviation), balık-çı.lık (fish- ing), kaçak-çı.lık (smuggling), çöp-çü.lük (scavenge) [CĠK] allomorphs: ♫ [cik, cık, cük, cuk, çik, çık, çük, çuk] (diminutive) ev-cik (small house), kapı-cık (small door), köprü-cük (small bridge), kutu-cuk (small box), eĢek-çik (small donkey), ağaç-çık (small tree), kadın-cık (little woman), tosun-cuk (big and healthy newborn baby).[CE.ĞIZ] allomorphs: ♫ [ce.ğiz, ca.ğız, çe.ğiz, ça.ğız] (innocence) kedi-ce.ğiz (innocent cat), kız-ca.ğız (innocent girl), hayvan-ca.ğız (innocent animal), köpek-çe.ğiz (innocent dog), kuĢ-ça.ğız (innocent bird).[CE] allomorphs: ♫ [ce, ca, çe, ça] Ġngiliz-ce (English), Alman-ca (German), Türk-çe (Turkish), Rus-ça (Rus- sian), Ġspanyol-ca (Spanish), Japon-ca (Japanese), Çin-ce (Chinese), Arap- ça (Arabic), Fransız-ca (French), Ġtalyan-ca (Italian), Rum-ca (Greek).

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO NOUNS THAT PRODUCE ADJECTIVES [CĠL] allomorphs: ♫ [cil, cıl, cül, cul, çil, çıl, çül, çul] ev-cil (domestic), insan-cıl (humane), ben-cil (selfish), ot-çul (herbivorous) [LĠ] allomorphs: ♫ [li, lı, lü, lu] ev-li (married), çocuk-lu (with children), Ģemsiye-li (with an umbrella), bahçe-li ev (house with a garden), Ģiyah ceket-li adam (the man in a black coat), kırmızı-lı kadın (the woman in red), görgü-lü (having good manners, polite), çiçek-li ağaç (a tree in blossom), yağmur-lu (rainy), kar-lı (snowy), sis-li (foggy, misty), güneĢ-li (sunny), bulut-lu (cloudy), tuz-lu (salty), at-lı (man on horseback), istek-li (willing), becerik-li (skillful), çamur-lu (muddy), hesap-lı (economical), saygı-lı (respectful), suç-lu (criminal), hata:-lı (faulty), tat-lı (sweet), mayo-lu (in a bathing suit), süt-lü (with milk, milky), paha-lı (expensive), taĢ kafa-lı (stone headed), Adana-lı (from Adana), sürek-li (continuous), hiddet-li (outrageous), kıl-lı (hairy), bilinç-li (intentional, conscious), zarar-lı (harmful), tehlike-li (dangerous), Ģüphe-li (suspicious, suspect), yer-li (native), iki bacak-lı (two legged), kanat-lı (winged), kaygı-lı (anxious), umut-lu (hopeful), gerek-li (necessary), yetenek-li (talented), bağım- lı (addicted, dependent), silah-lı (armed), renk-li (colored), kâr-lı (profitable), zehir-li (poisonous), denge-li (balanced), neĢe-li (joyful), kusur-lu (faulty), gürültü-lü (noisy), değer-li (precious), gerek-li (necessary), düĢünce-li 5.

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 5 (thoughtful), yürek-li (brave), ayrıntı-lı (detailed, in detail), sorum-lu (respon- sible), mantık-lı (rational), güç-lü (strong), örtü-lü (covered), his-li (sensitive), hırs-lı (ambitious), hız-lı (fast), tertip-li (tidy), tuz-lu (salty), buz-lu (icy), çamur- lu (muddy), kir-li (dirty), pasak-lı (untidy), korku-lu (frightening, scary), hak-lı (right, fair), kasıt-lı (intentional), hesap-lı (economical), meme-li (mammal), tec- rübe-li, deneyim-li (experienced), falso-lu (erroneous), kasvet-li (gloomy, dole- ful), kuĢku-lu (dubious, suspicious), onur-lu, gurur-lu (proud), dayanık-lı (dur- able), dikkat-li (careful), becerik-li (skillful), yama-lı (patchy), dokunak-lı (pun- gent), görev-li (on duty), yarar-lı (useful), karar-lı (firm, modified), görkem-li (magnificent), Ģatafat-lı (pompous), akıl-lı (intelligent), rahmet-li (deceased), yaĢ-lı (aged), dert-li (in trouble, miserable), Ģeker-li (sweet), su-lu (saucy), fay- da-lı (useful), gizem-li (mysterious), korku-lu (frightening, horrifying), duygu-lu (emotional, sensitive), heyecan-lı (exciting, nervous), tertip-li (tidy), ileri görüĢ- lü (foreseeing), huzur-lu (peaceful), keyif-li (cheerful), yetki-li (authorized), bağlantı-lı (related, agglutinative), boya-lı (painted), cila-lı (ci*lâ:*lı) (finished, varnished), cilt-li (hardback), yay-lı (with springs), ayrıntı-lı (detailed, in detail), ölçü-lü (restrained), güç-lü (strong), tür-lü tür-lü (all sorts of), besbel-li (ob- vious), isabet-li (i*sa:*bet*li) (right, to the purpose), geçer-li (valid), baĢarı-lı (successful), inanç-lı (believer), direnç-li (resistive), kanıt-lı (proven, supported by evidence), yün-lü (woollen), pamuk-lu (cotton), ateĢ-li (fiery, zealous), çizgi- li (lined, striped), yıldız-lı (starry, starlit), boya-lı (painted), kıyma-lı börek (mince pie), güneĢ-li (sunny), toz-lu (dusty), ağaç-lı (wooded), çiçek-li (flow- ered), desen-li (patterned, figured), yaldız-lı (gilded), süs-lü (ornamented), kıy- met-li (precious, valuable), kuyruk-lu (tailed), zahmet-li (difficult, hard), temkin- li (cautious).

[SĠZ] allomorphs: ♫ [siz, sız, süz, suz] korku-suz (fearless), istek-siz (unwilling), yağmur-suz (rainless), ağaç-sız (treeless), defo-suz (flawless), uyku-suz (sleepless), bilinç-siz (unconscious), karar-sız (hesitant), sorum-suz (irresponsible), dikkat-siz (careless), amaç-sız (aimless), kalp-siz (heartless), yürek-siz (timid), neĢe-siz (neş*e*siz) (sad), ümit-siz, umut-suz (desperate, hopeless), taban-sız (timid), saygı-sız (disrespectful), mantık-sız (irrational), temel-siz (unsound, baseless), renk-siz (colorless), gerek-siz (unnecessary), bağım-sız (independent), perva:-sız (reckless), kafa-sız (stupid), sevgi-siz (loveless), terbiye-siz (impolite, rude), görgü-süz (impolite), becerik-siz (incompetent), imkân-sız (impossible), değer-siz (worthless), ses-siz (silent), Ģeker-siz (without sugar), gerek-siz (unnecessary), düĢünce-siz (thoughtless), sorum-suz (irresponsible), mesnet- siz (baseless), tasa-sız (carefree), ahlâk-sız (immoral), yüz-süz (impudent), huy-suz (perverse), akıl-sız (foolish), dayanak-sız (baseless), dayanık-sız (not 6.

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 6 durable), duygu-suz (senseless), kusur-suz (faultless), ta:lih-siz (unfortunate), kıymet-siz (worthless), tehlike-siz (safe), tat-sız (tasteless), haya-sız (shame- less, impudent), tertip-siz (untidy), yarar-sız (useless), tutar-sız.(inconsis- tent), amaç-sız (aimless), değer-siz (worthless), zarar-sız (harmless), koku- suz (odorless), neden-siz (causeless), acıma-sız (merciless), taraf-sız (impar- tial), yetenek-siz (incompetent), suç-suz (innocent), denge-siz (unbalanced), keyif-siz (low-spirited), kaygı-sız (carefree), tasa-sız (carefree), deneyim-siz (inexperienced), kuĢku-suz (without doubt), uygun-suz (inappropriate), surat- sız (sour faced), denge-siz (unbalanced), kontrol-suz (uncontrolled), kıymet- siz (worthless), anlam-sız (insignificant, nonsense), eğitim-siz (uneducated), bilgi-siz (ignorant), inanç-sız (faithless), huzur-suz (fidgety), annes-siz (moth- erless), leke-siz (stainless), kaygı-sız (without anxiety), denge-siz (un- balanced), uyum-suz (unharmonious).

[SEL] allomorphs: ♫ [sel, sal] bilim-sel (scientific), evren-sel (universal), deney-sel (experimental, empir- ical), yüzey-sel (superficial), duygu-sal (emotional, sensational), sanat-sal (artistic), yapı-sal (structural), gelenek-sel (traditional), düĢün-sel (mental), tarih-sel (historical), tarihî (historic), kavram-sal (conceptual), kimya-sal (che- mical), fizik-sel (physical), anıt-sal (monumental), yaĢam-sal (vital), din-sel (religious), ulus-sal (u*lu*sal) (national), çevre-sel (environmental), kalıt-sal (hereditary), onur-sal (honorary), bitki-sel (herbal) hayvan-sal (zoological), tarım-sal (agricultural), us-sal (us*sal) (mental, rational), tanrı-sal (divine, ce- lestial), yörünge-sel (orbital), kurum-sal (institutional, corporate), kamu-sal (public), küre-sel (global, spherical), kır-sal (rural), örgüt-sel (organizational), toplum-sal (social,common), belge-sel (documental), kurgu-sal (fictional), ruh- sal (psychological), beden-sel (corporal), birey-sel (individual), algı-sal (per- ceptual), sayı-sal (numerical, digital), simge-sel (symbolic).

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO ADJECTIVES THAT PRODUCE NOUNS [LĠK] allomorphs: ♫ [lik, lık, lük, luk] (iyi-lik = iyilik), (sıcak-lık= sıcaklık) iyi-lik (favor), sıcak-lık (temperature), özgür-lük (freedom), uzun-luk (length), geniĢ-lik (width), güzel-lik (beauty), çirkin-lik (ugliness), dürüst-lük (honesty), aptal-lık (stupidity), sessiz-lik (silence), evli-lik (marriage), bayağı-lık (mean- ness), iyimser-lik (optimism), kötümser-lik (pessimism), uĢak-lık (servitude), yalnız-lık (loneliness), misafirsever-lik (hospitality), kahraman-lık (heroism), vatansever-lik (patriotism), kaba-lık (rudeness), duygusal-lık (sensitivity), dost-luk (frienship), kepaze-lik (scandal), üretken-lik (productivity), küresel-lik (globalism), aĢağılık kompleksi (inferiority complex), arsız-lık (impudence), 7.DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 7 geveze-lik (chattering), düĢüncesiz-lik (inconsiderateness), mutsuz-luk (un- happiness), aç-lık (hunger, starvation), güç-lük (difficulty), saydam-lık (trans- parency), utangaç-lık (shyness), uzak-lık (distance), yakın-lık (closeness, sympathy), küstah-lık (insolence), kurak-lık (drought), ürkek-lik (shyness), sersem-lik (dizziness), hovarda-lık (debauchery), alıĢkan-lık (addiction), yüksek-lik (height), derin-lik (depth), kırmızı-lık (redness), kötü-lük (wicked- ness, evil), kurnaz-lık (craftiness), dürüst-lük (honesty), karamsar-lık (moodiness), kolay-lık (ease, facility), tembel-lik (lazyness), kira-lık (ki*ra:*- lık) (to let, for hire) özel-lik (speciality), özgün-lük (originality, genuineness), kararsız-lık (hesitation, uncertainty, instability, inconsistency), bol-luk (abun- dance), sürekli-lik (continuity), kararlı-lık (determination), avare-lik (a:*va:*- re*lik) (idleness), yüzeysel-lik (shallowness, superficiality), kıt-lık (famine), sarkıntı-lık (molestation), kibar-lık (kindness, politeness), dayanıklı-lık (dura- bility), boĢ-luk (emptiness), yok-luk (poverty, absence, nonexistence), yaĢlı-lık (agedness), sorumlu-luk (responsibility), sorumsuz-luk (irresponsibility), gay- retkeĢ-lik (zeal), vurdumduymaz-lık (callousness), tutarsız-lık (inconsistency), deli-lik (madness), bilgisiz-lik (cahil-lik) (ignorance), benzer-lik (resem- blance), karamsar-lık (moodiness), güzel-lik (beauty), kızgın-lık (anger), bağıĢık-lık (immunity), düĢman-lık (enmity, hostility), budala-lık, ahmak-lık (stupidity, idiocy).

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO VERBS THAT PRODUCE NOUNS In agreement with the oral sequence of the Turkish sound system, the last consonants of the last syllables of the verbs detach from their syllables, and attach to the first vowels of the following derivational allomorphs while forming new syllables.These consonants are single underlined.[Ġ] allomorphs: ♫ [i, ı, ü, u] (diz-i = dizi), (yaz-ı = yazı) diz-i (di*zi) (string, chain, serial, sequence ), yaz-ı (ya*zı) (script, text), ölç-ü (öl*çü) (measurement, size), koĢ-u (ko*şu) (run), duy-u (du*yu) (sense), gez-i (ge*zi) (trip), aç-ı (a*çı) (angle), yap-ı (ya*pı) (building), tak-ı (ta*kı) (jewelry, jewels), dürt-ü (dür*tü) (stimulus), tart-ı (tar*tı) (scales), art-ı (ar*tı) (plus), ba- Ģar-ı (ba*şa*rı) (success), kork-u (kor*ku) (fear), sor-u (so*ru) (question), ört-ü (ör*tü) (any cloth covering), çat-ı (ça*tı) (framework), yet-i (ye*ti) (mental power, faculty), yat-ı (ya*tı) (overnight stay), öl-ü (ö*lü), (corpse), göm-ü (gö*mü) (treasure), kok-u (ko-ku) (scent, smell, aroma, perfume), böl-ü (bö*lü) (slash mark), dinlet-i (din*le*ti) (concert), güldür-ü (comedy) doğ-u (do*ğu) (east), bat-ı (ba*tı) (west), çarp-ı (çar*pı) (cross, times), böl-ü (bö*lü) (devided) 8.

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 8 [ĠM] allomorphs: ♫ [im, ım, üm, um, em, am] seç-im (se*çim) (election), al-ım (a*lım) (purchase), öl-üm (ö*lüm) (death), yık- ım (yı*kım) (disaster, demolition), yut-um (yu*dum) (gulp), ek-im (e*kim) (October), ak-ım (a*kım) (current), üret-im (ü*re*tim) (production), geliĢ-im (ge*li*Ģim) (improvement), karıĢ-ım (ka*rı*şım) (mixture), dönüĢ-üm (dö*nü*- şüm) (transformation), çek-im (çe*kim) (attraction), geril-im (ge*ri*lim) (ten- sion), tasar-ım (ta*sa*rım) (plan, design), kavra-am (kav*ram) (concept), denkle-em (denk*lem) (equation), ekle-em (ek*lem) (joint), tüket-im (tü*ke*tim) (consumption), yaklaĢ-ım (yak*la*şım) (approach), benzeĢ-im (ben*ze*şim) (similarity, resemblance), iletiĢ-im (i*le*ti*şim) (communication), biliĢ-im (bi*li*- şim) (informatics), de/y/-im (de*yim) (expression, idiom), say-ım (sa*yım) (census), giy-im (gi*yim) (clothing), çöz-üm (çö*züm) (solution), kıy-ım (kı*yım) (massacre), açıl-ım (a*çı*lım) (expansion), yatır-ım (ya*tı*rım) (investment), al- ım, sat-ım (a*lım, sa*tım) (buying and selling, trade, commerce), giy-im (gi*- yim) (attire), salk-ım (sal*kım) (bunch), bir salkım üzüm (a bunch of grapes), uy-um (u*yum) (accordance).

dön-em (dö*nem) (period), yaşa-am (ya*şam) (life), anla-am (an*lam) (meaning), devin-im (de*vi*nim) (movement), dene- /y/im (de*ne*yim) (experience), gözle-em (göz*lem) (observation), söyle-em (söy*lem) (expression), geç-im (ge*çim) (living), çiz-im (çi*zim) (drawing, de- sign), çal-ım (ça*lım) (feint), al-ım (a*lım) (purchase), sür-üm (sü*rüm) (sale), yatır-ım (ya*tı*rım) (investment), yalıt-ım (ya*lı*tım) (insulation).When the identical vowels follow one another, they combine and verbalize as single vowels; and the single underlined consonants detach from their syllables and attach to the first vowels of the following allomorphs in agreement with the oral sequence of the Turkish sound system.[ĠK] allomorphs: ♫ [ik, ık, ük, uk, ek, ak] del-ik (de*lik) (hole), art-ık (ar*tık) (left over), öksür-ük (ök*sü*rük) (cough tükür-ük (tü*kü*rük) (spit, saliva), aksır-ık (ak*sı*rık) (sneeze), bulaĢ-ık (bu*- la*şık) (dirty dishes), kayna-ak (kay*nak) (source, spring, origin), belle-ek (bel*lek) (memory), tara-ak (ta*rak) (comb), yama-ak (ya*mak) (apprentice), döĢe-ek (dö*şek) (mattress), kapa-ak (ka*pak) (lid), eĢ-ik (e*şik) (threshold), dene-ek (de*nek) (experimental subject, object, or animal), tekerle-ek (te*ker*- lek) (wheel), kay-ık (ka*yık) (boat), bat-ık (ba*tık) (submerged), çiz-ik (çi*zik) (scratch), çatla-ak (çat*lak) (crack).

[EK] allomorphs: ♫ [ek, ak] 9.DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 9 Tapın-ak (ta*pı*nak) (temple), kay-ak (ka*yak) (ski), saç-ak (sa*çak) (fringe), uç-ak (u*çak) (airplane), yat-ak (ya*tak) (bed), kaç-ak (ka*çak) (escaped), dayan-ak (da*ya*nak) (support), kes-ek (ke*sek) (a lump of earth), ölç-ek (öl*-- çek) (scale), ben-ek (be*nek) (spot), dön-ek (dö*nek) (someone whom you cannot trust, incredulous), yan-ak (ya*nak) (cheek), düzen-ek (dü*ze*nek) (me- chanism), gevĢe-ek (loose), kayna-ak (source).[GĠ] allomorphs: ♫ [gi, gı, gü, gu, ki, kı, kü, ku] sev-gi (love, affection); çal-gı (music instrument); sür-gü (bolt); sor-gu (inter- rogation); bas-kı (pressure); as-kı (hanger); ör-gü (knitting); gör-gü (good manners); dol-gu (filling); ver-gi (tax); et-ki (impression); sar-gı (bandage); ser- gi (exhibition); ez-gi (melody); say-gı (respect); yanıl-gı (mistake); vur-gu (accent, stress); kur-gu (abstract thought, speculation); yer-gi (satire); der-gi (periodical, magazine); yar-gı (judgment); yaz-gı (fate, destiny); ol-gu (fact); duy-gu (sensation); iç-ki (alcoholic beverage, drink); at-kı (scarf); et-ki (impres- sion, stimulus); kat-kı (aid, help, additive); gör-gü (experience, good manners); kork-ku (fright) (The double underlined "k" drops.); yet-ki (authority); coĢ-ku (excitement); tep-ki (response, reaction); al-gı (perception); sal-gı (secretion); kes-ki (chisel); tut-ku (ambition, passion); sez-gi (intuition); çiz-gi (line); diz-gi (composition, string); bit-ki (plant); bul-gu (discovery, finding).

[EÇ] allomorphs: ♫ [eç, aç] sür-eç (sü*reç) (process, procedure), tık-aç (tı*kaç) (plug, wag, stoppage), deme-eç (de*meç) (statement), sark-aç (sar*kaç) (pendulum), ayır-aç (ay*raç) (bracket).[EY] allomorphs: ♫ [ey, ay] dene-ey (de*ney) (experiment), yap-ay (ya*pay) (artificial), ol-ay (o*lay) (event), düĢ-ey (dü*şey) (vertical), yat-ay (ya*tay) (horizontal), yüz-ey (yü*zey) (surface), uza-ay (u*zay) (space).[Ġ.CĠ] allomorphs: ♫ [i.ci, ı.cı, ü.cü, u.cu] [i.ci, ı.cı, ü.cü, u.cu] Dinle-/y/i.ci (din*le*yi*ci) (listener), sat-ı.cı (sa*tı*cı) (seller), yüz-ü.cü (yü*- zü*cü) (swimmer), koĢ-u.cu (ko*şu*cu) (runner), böl-ü.cü (bö*lü*cü) (sepa- ratist), tara-/y/ı.cı (ta*ra*yı*cı) (scanner), al-ı.cı (a*lı*cı) (receiver), bak-ı.cı (ba*- kı*cı) (companion), bebek bakıcısı (baby sitter), tut-u.cu (tu*tu*cu) (conser- vative), kal-ı.cı (ka*lı*cı) (lasting, durable) (adj), yaz-ı.cı (ya*zı*cı) (printer), do- yur-u.cu (do*yu*ru*cu) (satisfactory) (adj), inandır-ı.cı (i*nan*dı*rı*cı) (persua- sive) (adj), öldür-ü.cü (öl*dü*rü*cü) (adj) (deadly, fatal).

If a verb ends with vowel, and the allomorph starts with a different vowel, the /y/ glide is inserted between these vowels by the oral sequence.DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 10 [E.CEK] allomorphs: ♫ [e.cek, a.cak] [e.cek, a.cak] sil-e.cek (si*le*cek) (wiper), gel-e.cek (ge*le*cek (next), aç-a.cak (a*ça*cak) (opener), çek-e.cek (çe*ke*cek) (shoehorn), yak-a.cak (ya*ka*cak (fuel).[MEK] allomorphs: ♫ [mek, mak] ye-mek (meal), çak-mak (lighter), ek-mek (bread), kay-mak (cream) [ME] allomorphs: ♫ [me, ma] dondur-ma (ice cream), dol-ma (green peppers, eggplants or marrows stuffed with mince, rice, etc.), kavur-ma (fried pieces of meat), haĢla-ma (boiled meat), dene-me (essay), döv-me (tattoo), as-ma (vine), kaz-ma (pickax), aydınlan-ma (enlightenment).kıy-ma (kıy*ma) (minced meat), in-me (in*me) (stroke), bas- ma (bas*ma) (printed cloth), yüz-me (yüz*me) [ĠK] allomorphs: ♫ [ik, ık, ük, uk, ek, ak] [ik, ık, ük, uk] kes-ik (ke*sik) (cut), çık-ık (çı*kık) (dislocated), yar-ık (ya*rık) (slash), çiz-ik (çi*zik) (scratch), çürü-ük (çü*rük) (rotten), sar-ık (sa*rık) (turban), kaz-ık (ka*zık) (stake, unreasonably expensive), yırt-ık (yır*tık) (torn), del-ik (de*lik) (hole) ele-ek (e*lek) (sieve), ada-ak (a*dak) (oblation), kay-ak (ka*yak) (ski).

[CE] allomorphs: ♫ [ce, ca] düĢün-ce (dü*şün*ce) (thought), eğlen-ce (eğ*len*ce) (entertainment), bilme- ce (bil*me*ce) (riddle, word puzzle), düzme-ce (düz*me*ce) (lie, fake), çekme- ce (çek*me*ce) (drawer), gülme-ce (gül*me*ce) (comedy).[ĠN.TĠ] allomorphs: ♫ [in.ti, ın.tı, ün.tü, un.tu, en.ti, an.tı] ak-ın.tı (a*kın*tı) (current), al-ın.tı (a*lın*tı) (quotation), bağla-an.tı (bağ*lan*tı) (connection, link), bekle-en.ti (bek*len*ti) (expectation), bula-an.tı (bu*lan*tı) (qualm), bul-un.tu (bu*lun*tu), (antique), çarp-ın.tı (çar*pın*tı) (palpitation), çık- ın.tı (çı*kın*tı) (bulge) çök-ün.tü (çö*kün*tü) (collapse), dök-ün.tü (dö*kün*tü) (rubbish, rash), ekle-en.ti (ek*len*ti) (addition), es-in.ti (e*sin*ti) (breeze), gez- in.ti (ge*zin*ti) (tour, walk), gir-in.ti (gi*rin*ti) (dent), gör-ün.tü (gö*rün*tü) (image), il-in.ti (i*lin*ti) (relation), kal-ın.tı (ka*lın*tı) (remnant), kaĢı-ın.tı (ka*şın*tı) (itching), kaz-ın.tı (ka*zın*tı) (scrapings), kes-in.ti (ke*sin*ti) (subtraction, stoppage, interruption), kır-ın.tı (kı*rın*tı) (crumb), kur-un.tu (ku*run*tu) (unfounded suspicion), rastla-an.tı (ras*lan*tı) (coincidence), salla- an.tı (sal*lan*tı) (quake), sık-ın.tı (sı*kın*tı) (boredom), sız-ın.tı (sı*zın*tı) (leakage), tak-ın.tı (ta*kın*tı) (fixation, obsession), söyle-en.ti (söy*len*ti) (rumor), topla-an.tı (top*lan*tı) (meeting), sapla-an.tı(sap*lan*tı) (obsession), bağla-an.tı (bağ*lan*tı) (connection, link).

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 11 [Ġġ] allomorphs: ♫ [iĢ ıĢ, üĢ, uĢ] ak-ıĢ (a*kış) (fluency), al-ıĢ ver-iĢ (a*lış / ve*riş) (shopping), anla-/y/ıĢ (an*- la*yış) (understanding, sympathy), bak-ıĢ (ba*kış) (look, looking), at-ıĢ (a*tış), (gunfire, throw, round), bekle-/y/iĢ (bek*le*yiş) (waiting), benze-/y/iĢ (ben*ze*- yiş) (resemblance), bul-uĢ (bu*luş) (discovery), çık-ıĢ (çı*kış) (exit, outlet), çök-üĢ (çö*küş) (collapse, fall), davran-ıĢ (dav*ra*nış) (behavior), diren-iĢ (di*re*niş) (resistance, disobedience), diril-iĢ (di*ri*liş) (resurrection, revival), dizil-iĢ (di*zi*liş) (sequence), dokun-uĢ (do*ku*nuş) (touch), dön-üĢ (dö*nüş) (return), dur-uĢ (du*ruş) (position), düĢ-üĢ (dü*şüş) (decline, downfall), gel-iĢ (ge*liş) (arrival, coming), gir-iĢ (gi*riş) (entry, entrance), git-iĢ (gi*diş) (going, departure), görün-üĢ (gö*rü*nüş) (appearance), gör-üĢ (gö*rüş) (view, opin- ion), gör-üĢ birlik-i (gö*rüş / bir*li*ği) (agreement, consensus), haykır-ıĢ (hay*- kı*rış) (scream), kaç-ıĢ (ka*çış) (escape), kapan-ıĢ (ka*pa*nış) (closing, clo- sure), kurtul-uĢ (kur*tu*luş) (liberation), kurul-uĢ (ku*ru*luş) (foundation), sat- ıĢ (sa*tış) (sale), sür-üĢ (sü*rüş) (drive, driving), tüken-iĢ (tü*ke*niş) (exhaus- tion), yakar-ıĢ (ya*ka*rış) (appeal), yalvar-ıĢ (yal*va*rış) (beseeching), yük- sel-iĢ (yük*se*liş) (rise, growth), yürü-/y/üĢ (yü*rü*yüş) (walk).

MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO VERBS THAT PRODUCE ADJECTIVES [Ġ.CĠ] allomorphs: ♫ [i.ci, ı.cı, ü.cü, u.cu] del-i.ci (de*li*ci) (piercing), kal-ı.cı (ka*lı*cı) (lasting), sars-ı.cı (sar*sı*cı) (shocking), yarat-ı.cı (ya*ra*tı*cı) (creative), bulaĢ-ı.cı (bu*la*şı*cı) (con- tagious), ĢaĢırt-ı.cı (şa*şır*tı*cı) (confusing), yak-ı.cı (ya*kı*cı) (burning), öğüt- ü.cü (ö*ğü*tü*cü) (grinding), tazele-/y/i.ci (ta*ze*le*yi*ci) (refreshing), it-i.ci (i*ti*ci) (repulsive), aldat-ı.cı (al*da*tı*cı) (deceptive), üz-ü.cü (ü*zü*-cü) (sad- dening), doyur-u.cu (do*yu*ru*cu) (satisfying), geç-ici (ge*çi*ci) (temporary), ez-i.ci çoğunluk (overwhelming majority), sık-ı.cı (sı*kı*cı) (boring), yık-ı.cı (yı*kı*cı) (destructive, devastating), koru-/y/u.cu (ko*ru*-yu*cu) (protective), kır- ı.cı (kı*rı*cı) (injurious, unkind), yan-ı.cı (ya*nı*cı) (inflammable), üz-ü.cü (ü*zü*- cü) (painful).

[ĠK] allomorphs: ♫ [ik, ık, ük, uk, ek, ak] aç-ık (a*çık) (open), kır-ık (kı*rık) (broken), bat-ık (ba*tık) (sunken), göç-ük (gö*çük) (collapsed), del-ik (de*lik) (pierced, hole), ez-ik (e*zik) (mashed), eğ- ik (e*ğik) (bent), çürü-ük (çü*rük) (decayed), art-ık (ar*tık) (left over), kaç-ık (ka*çık) (silly), çatla-ak (çat*lak) (crack), kaç-ak (ka*çak) (escaped) çek-ik (çe*kik) (slanting), çık-ık (çı*kık) (dislocated), ürk-ek (ür*kek) (timid, shy), kork- ak (kor*kak) (coward(ly), gevĢe-ek (gev*şek) (loose).Note: The last syllables are stressed.DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 12 [KĠN] allomorphs: ♫ [gin, gın, gün, gun, kin, kın, kün, kun] seç-kin (seç*kin) (exclusive, choice), kes-kin (sharp), ĢaĢ-kın (astonished), iliĢ- kin (concerning, connected), sus-kun (silent), piĢ-kin (well done, impudent), et- kin (functional), ger-gin (tight), az-gın (fierce), düz-gün (smooth), ol-gun (ripe, mature), sol-gun (faded), yay-gın (common), bit-kin (discouraged, depressed, exhausted), yor-gun (tired), bas-kın (kın) (unexpected attack (noun), dominant), küs-kün (offended), geç-kin (overripe), dur-gun (stagnant), dol-gun (plump), öz-gün (original), say-gın (honorable), yay-gın (common, widespread), kız-gın (angry), bez-gin (wretched), uy-gun (suitable, convenient), üz-gün (sorry), et- kin (effective), yat-kın (inclined to do).

[AR] allomorphs: ♫ [er, ar] çal-ar saat (ça*lar) (alarm clock), ak-ar su (running water), gül-er yüz (smiling face), koĢ-ar adım (running pace), uyu-ur gez-er (sleep walker).[EN] allomorphs: ♫ [en, an] koĢ-an (ko*şan) (running), sol-an (so*lan) (fading), çalĢ-an (ça*lı*şan) (work- ing), yürü-/y/en (yü*rü*yen) (walking), konuĢ-an (ko*nu*şan) (talking), dilimle- /y/en (di*lim*le*yen) (slicing), kes-en (ke*sen) (cutting), öpüĢ-en (ö*pü*şen) (kissing), bekle-/y/en (bek*le*yen) (waiting), art-an (ar*tan) (increasing), geliĢ- en (ge*li*şen) (developing), dön-en (dö*nen) (turning, circling), gülümse-/y/en (gü*lüm*se*yen) (smiling), bağla-/y/an (bağ*la*yan) (tying, connecting), bitme- /y/en (bit*me*yen) (unending).Note: The morpheme above and its allomorphs are also used in transforming simple sentences into “modifier + noun” compounds.Therefore, they are also inflectional suffixes.[MĠġ] allomorphs: ♫ [miĢ, mıĢ, müĢ, muĢ] sol-muĢ (faded), değiĢ-miĢ (changed), karıĢ-mıĢ (mixed), beyazlaĢ-mıĢ (whitened), bağlan-mıĢ (tied, connected), ertelen-miĢ (postponed), kızartıl-mıĢ (fried), tasarlan-mıĢ (planned), yıkan-mıĢ (washed), geliĢtiril-miĢ (improved), düğümlen-miĢ (knotted), aydınlan-mıĢ (enlightened), zorlan-mıĢ (forced), boĢan-mıĢ (divorced), unutul-muĢ (forgotten), örül-müĢ (knitted), kızar-mıĢ (fried, reddened), üretil-miĢ (produced), bayıl-mıĢ, (fainted), unutulma-mıĢ (unforgotten), kayna-mıĢ (boiled), don-muĢ (frozen), geliĢ-miĢ (developed), değiĢ-miĢ (modified), kokuĢ-muĢ (foul).

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 13 Note: The allomorphs of the morpheme [MIġ] are stressed.This morpheme is also used as an inflectional morpheme.[SEL] allomorphs: ♫ [sel, sal] gör-sel (visual), uy-sal (complaisant), düĢün-sel (mental), iĢit-sel (audial) MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO NOUNS THAT PRODUCE VERBS [LE] allomorphs: ♫ [le, la] el-le (el*le) (touch), bağ-la (bağ*la) (tie), baĢ-la (baş*la) (beğin, start), teker-le (te*ker*le) (roll), göz-le (göz*le) (observe), kutu-la (ku*tu*la) (put in boxes), damga-la (dam*ga*la) (stamp), tuz-la (tuz*la) (salt), leke-le (le*ke*le) (stain), tekme-le (tek*me*le) (kick), sürgü-le (sür*gü*le) (bolt), düzen-le (dü*zen*le) (arrange), yağ-la (yağ*la) (lubricate, oil), taĢ-la (taş*la) (throw stones), yel-le (yel*le) (fan), denge-le (den*ge*le) (balance), sergi-le (ser*gi*le) (exhibit), bağıĢ-la (forgive), su-la (water), kaĢık-la (spoon into greedily), kazık-la (cheat), yargı-la (judge), kalbur-la (sift), ilaç-la (apply pesticide), ak-la (acquit), köstek- le (hamper), besle (feed), algı-la (detect), fırça-la (brush up), orta-la (centre), ezber-le (memorize), uygula (-apply), ağır-la (show hospitality), av-la (hunt), bağ-la (tie, connect), suç-la (condemn), yol-la (send), ateĢ-le (fire), belge-le (certify), kilit-le (lock), ter-le (perspire), çimdik-le (pinch), göz-le (observe), fiĢ- le (blacklist someone), iĢ-le (work), çaba-la (strive).

ek-le (add), yük-le (load), iz-le (follow), giz-le (hide), ezber-le (memorize), mühür-le (seal), yargı-la (judge), sıra-la (put in order), gür-le (thunder, roll), çın-la (ring), ot-la (graze), kol-la (watch, protect), sol-la (overtake), oy-la (vote), omuz-la (shoulder), hiza- la (hi*za:*la) (align), parça-la (tear up), gaga-la (peck), düz-le (flatten), giz-le (hide) MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO ADJECTIVES THAT PRODUCE VERBS [ĠR] allomorphs: ♫ [ir, ır, er, ar] deli-ir (de*lir) (get mad), sarı-ar (sa*rar) (turn yellow), kara-ar (ka*rar) (blacken, darken, or get dark), mor-ar (mo*rar) (get, turn purple).[LEġ] allomorphs: ♫ [leĢ, laĢ] güzel-leĢ (get beautiful), sık-laĢ (get oftener, get tighter), ağır-laĢ (get heavier), sağır-laĢ (get deaf), derin-leĢ (deepen, get deeper), kaba-laĢ (get ruder), yeĢil- leĢ, yeĢil-len (turn green).Some adjectives like “kırmızı” may be either “kırmı- zı-laĢ” or “kızar” (get (turn) red).

“Kısa” becomes “kısal” (get shorter).“Uzun” becomes “uza” (get longer).DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 14 Examples: Günler kısalıyor.Days are getting shorter.(*not uzayor”) Days are getting longer.In Turkish, “make something + adjective” "Make it shorter" is expressed in an adjective + morpheme mixture which is too long to analyze in detail.Some examples may explain them easily: Uzun  uzat (u*zat) “Onu uzat” (Make it longer); kısa  kısalt (kı*salt) “Onu kısalt” (Make it shorter); büyük  büyüt (bü*yüt) “Onu büyüt” (Make it larg- er); Küçük küçült (kü*çült) “Onu küçült” (Make it smaller); kara  karart (ka*rart) “Onu karart” (Make it darker); derin  derinleĢtir (de*rin*leş*tir) “Onu derinleĢtir” (Make it deeper) CHANGING TURKISH ADJECTIVES INTO VERBS AND CORRESPONDING ENGLISH LINKING VERBS In place of the “linking verb + adjective” formation of the English language, the verb forms of the adjectives are used in Turkish instead.

A short list of the adjectives that can be turned into verbs in Turkish, and the English adjectives that can be turned into verbs, and the English adjectives that can be used as verbs and the English linking verbs are given in the following list: adjective verb adjective verb + adjective aç → acık hungry → get (feel) hungry ağır → ağırlaĢ heavy → get heavier akıllı → akıllan wise → become wiser aptal → aptallaĢ foolish → become confused ayık → ayıl sober → get sober, come around beyaz → beyazlan white → whiten bol → bolar loose → loosen boĢ → boĢal empty → empty bozuk → bozul spoilt → spoil, decay bulutlu → bulutlan cloudy → cloud, get cloudy 15.DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 15 adjective verb adjective verb + adjective çirkin → çirkinleĢ ugly → get ugly çürük → çürü rotten → decay dar → daral narrow → narrow deli → delir crazy → go crazy dertli → dertlen sorrowful → get worried değerli → değerlen precious → increase in value dengeli→ dengele balanced→ balance derin → derinleĢ deep → get deep, deepen dikkatli → dikkat et careful → be careful düz → düzelt flat → flatten düzgün→ düzelt straight → correct, fix, repair eğri → eğril bent → bend ekĢi → ekĢi sour → turn sour fakir → fakirleĢ poor → become (get) poor genç → gençleĢ young → get younger geniĢ → geniĢle large → enlarge gerçek → gerçekleĢ true → come true güç → güçleĢ difficult → grow difficult güçlü → güçlen strong → grow stronger, strengthen güzel → güzelleĢ beautiful → become beautiful hazır → hazırlan ready → get ready hızlı → hızlan fast → accelerate ıslak → ıslan wet → get wet ilginç → ilginçleĢ interesting→ become more interesting iyi → iyileĢ good, well → get better 16.

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 16 adjective verb adjective verb + adjective kaba → kabalaĢ impolite → become impolite kalın → kalınlaĢ thick → thicken kalabalık → kalabalıklaĢ crowded → get crowded karanlık → karar dark → get dark karmaĢık → karmaĢıklaĢ complicated→ get more complicated kaygan → kayganlaĢ slippery → become slippery kaygılı → kaygılan worried → worry, feel anxious kirli → kirlen dirty → become (get) dirty kırmızı → kırmızılaĢ, kızar red → redden, blush kısa → kısal short → get shorter, shorten kıskanç → kıskan envious → envy, be jealous kızgın → kız angry → be angry kolay → kolaylaĢ easy → get easy kuru → kuru dry → dry küçük → küçül small → decrease, become smaller kötü → kötüleĢ bad → grow worse mor → morar purple → become (turn) purple neĢeli → neĢelen cheerful → cheer up olgun → olgunlaĢ ripe → ripen öfkeli → öfkelen angry → get angry pahalı → pahalan expensive→ become more expensive parlak → parla shiny → shine rahat → rahatla comfortable → relax renkli → renklen colorful → become colorful sabırsız → sabırsızlan impatient → grow impatient 17.

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS 17 adjective verb adjective verb + adjective sakin → sakinleĢ calm → calm down serin → serinle cool → become cooler sert → sertleĢ solid, hard → become hard, harden sinirli → sinirlen nervous, angry → get angry sıcak → ısın worm → get warmer sıkı → sıkılaĢ tight → tighten sıkılmıĢ → sıkıl bored → be bored soğuk → soğu cold → become (get) cold solgun → sol pale → fade son → sonlan last → be over, end tatlı → tatlan sweet → sweeten tembel → tembelleĢ lazy → grow lazier terli → terle sweaty → sweat umutlu → umutlan hopeful → become hopeful uslu → uslan well-behaved → become well-behaved uzun → uza long → get (grow) longer, lengthen üzgün → üzül sorry → be (feel) sorry yakın → yakınlaĢ close → get closer yanlıĢ → yanıl wrong → be mistaken yaramaz → yaramazlaĢ naughty → get naughtier yavaĢ → yavaĢla slow → slow down yaĢlı → yaĢlan old → grow older yeĢil → yeĢillen green → turn green yoksul → yoksullaĢ poor → get poor 18.