↓ Skip to Main Content Vaporizer Fill Devices MediLumine’s Vaporizer Fill Devices have been designed prevent waste of anesthetic during fill and therefore maximize safety for operator Vaporizer Fill Devices or bottle adaptors come in two styles, anti-spill and pin index.They are color coded for the specific anesthetic: Red for Halothane, Purple for Isoflurane and Yellow for Sevoflurane.Pin Index fill devices are designed to work with pin indexed or keyed vaporizers.The pin index is a safety feature that prevents a vaporizer from being filled with the wrong anesthetic agent; or cross contaminated with another liquid.The fill device is required if you are using pin indexed vaporizers.Application Filling vaporizer with anesthetic reducing risks for spills and prevent exposure to anesthetic during filling procedure.EAST COAST MEDICAL 305 Moore Road Berea Durban - 3 Display Gardens Sarel Baard Crescent Centurion Pretoria DURBAN Tel: 031 2015585 ecm@eastcoast.co.za | PRETORIA Tel: 0861 000 428 sales@eastcoastmedical.co.za Local Time South Africa and southern African regions Blanket Warmers Blood Warmers Blood/Gas Analyser Colposcope Crash Carts CTG Machines CTG Accessories Defibrillators Desk Diagnostic Set Desktop Oximeters DVT Assist ECG Machines ECG Accessories Electrosurgical Units Entonox Units Fluid Warmers Foetal Dopplers Gel Warmers Handheld Oximeters ICU Cribs Incubators Infusion Pumps Infusor Bags Laryngoscopes Medical Carts NIBP Accessories O2 Flowmeters O2 Regulators Patient Hoists Patient Monitors Patient Warming Phototherapy POP Saw Resus Cribs Resuscitators Ripple Mattress Silicone Masks SPO2 Accessories Syringe Pumps Stethoscopes Suction Controllers Suction Liners Suction Machines TEMP Accessories TEMP Measurement Tourniquets Ultrasound Imaging Vital Signs Monitors Warming Cabinets Welch Allyn Spares Wall Diagnostic Set Transport Veterinary Selectatec Type Anesthesia Machine AM852-P Specification: Working principle: ♥ Gas driven gas controlled Physical and Environmental Specification ♥ Demension: L450xW405xH330mm ♥ Weight: 22kg ♥ Storage temperature: -22°c~+55°c ♥ Working temperature: +10°c~+40°c ♥ Storage humidity: ≤93°c Vaporizer: ♥ Available: Halothane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Enflurance ( Isoflurane Vapouriser supplied as default) ♥ Selectatec type ♥ Automatic temperature compensation function ♥ Reliable performance, ensured stability ♥Filler type: Pour - fill Main unit ♥ Mode: Semi-open, semi-closed or closed system ♥ Gas supply: O2 ( 2.8 ~ 6 bars ) ♥ Flow meter: O2 ( 0.2 ~ to 10 L/min ) ♥ O2 Flush: 25 to 75 L/min ♥ O2 deficiency alarm: Audible alarm for at least 7 seconds ♥ APL valve: <= 6Kpa ♥ CGO / ACGO Price: R 45 000.00 ( Excl VAT) R 51 300.00 ( Incl VAT) Unit is aupplied complete, except for Anaesthetic Agent and Oxygen cylinder Also see our range of Veterinary Products from Edan Instruments • Complete digital and portable design • Vivid waveform display • Built-in rechargeable Li-ion battery.

AC/DC power supply • Auto/Manual work mode (selectable) • Lead-Off detection and LCD display • Complete digital filtering, for baseline drift, AC and EMG interference • Baseline automatically adjustable to optimize printing position • High-resolution thermal pprinter • Communication interface: Ethemet / RS232 / USB • PC-based ECG data management software (optional) • LCD display with backlight control • Dual work modes: monitoring & spot check • Numeric display with plethysmogram display • Trend review • Pulse-tone modulation (Pitch Tone) • Adjustable audio and visual alarms • Powerful data storage capacity (up to 300 hours) • PatientCare Viewer software for PC data management • 4 x AA batteries for up to 48 hours of work 03 VET main unit 10" non-interlaced monitor One transducer connector 128 frames cine loop memory 56MB built-in image storage Two USB ports (1 host, 1 device) © Copyright 2014.jual vaporizer gandaria city

Copyright 2013 • 1900 Sleepy Hollow Rd.South Park, PA 15129 • 800-717-5955 All are prohibited from downloading, republication, retransition, reproduction, or other use of material on this site as a stand alone file.web site by RedTree Web DesignEffect of thymol on kinetic properties of Ca and K currents in rat skeletal muscle1, 1, 1, 1 and 13DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-3-9©  Szentandrássy et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.gathaspar - vaporizer ep2003Received: 23 March 2003Accepted: 15 July 2003Published: 15 July 2003 Abstract Background Thymol is widely used as a general antiseptic and antioxidant compound in the medical practice and industry, and also as a stabilizer to several therapeutic agents, including halothane.vaporizer finderThus intoxication with thymol may occur in case of ingestion or improper anesthesia.vaporizer hammer kaskus

In the present study, therefore, concentration-dependent effects of thymol (30–600 micro-grams) were studied on calcium and potassium currents in enzymatically isolated rat skeletal muscle fibers using the double vaseline gap voltage clamp technique.Results Thymol suppressed both Ca and K currents in a concentration-dependent manner, the EC50 values were 193 ± 26 and 93 ± 11 μM, with Hill coefficients of 2.52 ± 0.29 and 1.51 ± 0.18, respectively.vaporizer hospitalThymol had a biphasic effect on Ca current kinetics: time to peak current and the time constant for inactivation increased at lower (100–200 μM) but decreased below their control values at higher (600 μM) concentrations.gi2 vaporizerInactivation of K current was also significantly accelerated by thymol (200–300 μM).These effects of thymol developed rapidly and were partially reversible.

In spite of the marked effects on the time-dependent properties, thymol caused no change in the current-voltage relationship of Ca and K peak currents.Conclusions Present results revealed marked suppression of Ca and K currents in skeletal muscle, similar to results obtained previously in cardiac cells.Furthermore, it is possible that part of the suppressive effects of halothane on Ca and K currents, observed experimentally, may be attributed to the concomitant presence of thymol in the superfusate.BackgroundThymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) is widely used as a general antiseptic in the medical practice, agriculture, cosmetics and food industry [1–3].Due to its potent fungicide, bactericide and antioxidant properties thymol is applied primarily in dentistry for treatment of oral infections [4–6].Thymol was also shown to have strong antiinflammatory action by decreasing the release of inflammatory metabolites like prostanoids, interleukins, and leukotrienes [7, 8].Thymol is added as a stabilizer to several therapeutic agents, including halothane, and the drug was shown to accumulate in the vaporizer during anesthesia.

Thymol was reported to suppress Ca and various K currents in mammalian and human cardiac cells [9], but little is known about its effects in mammalian skeletal muscle.A further purpose of this study was to test the effects of the potent antioxidant thymol on the kinetic properties Ca and K currents.Modulation of transmembrane Ca and K currents by antioxidants have been recently reported [10, 11].Results Effect of thymol on the Ca current Ca current (ICa) was activated by sets of 800 ms long depolarizing voltage pulses applied from the holding potential of -100 mV to the test potential of +10 mV, where the peak amplitude of ICa was close to maximal.In these experiments Na and K currents were blocked by TTX and the combination of external 4-aminopyridine, TEA-CH3SO3 plus internal Cs-glutamate, respectively.Thymol displayed a concentration-dependent suppressive effect on peak ICa in the 8 muscle fibers studied (Figure 1A).Inhibition of the current was statistically significant from the concentration of 100 μM (reduction of ICa to 83 ± 7%) and was almost complete at 600 μM (ICa was reduced to 9 ± 3%).

Fitting the results to the Hill equation yielded a k50 value of 193 ± 26 μM and a Hill coefficient of 2.52 ± 0.29 (Figure 1B).Conentration-dependent effect of thymol on the Ca current.A: Superimposed ICa traces elicited by 800 ms long depolarizations to +10 mV in a muscle fiber before and after cumulative application of 100, 200, 300, and 600 μM thymol.B: Average of peak ICa normalized to control as a function of the thymol concentration.The solid line represents the Hill fit of the averaged curve.Symbols and bars represent mean ± SEM values obtained from 8 preparations, asterisks denote significant (P < 0.05) changes from control values.The superimposed analogue records of Figure 1A clearly show alterations in the current kinetics regarding both activation and inactivation of the current.Due to the known complexity of activation kinetics of ICa in skeletal muscle [12], the activation of the current was characterized with time to peak values (Figure 2A), while the inactivation time constant was determined by fitting the decaying limb of the current to a single exponential function (Figure 2B).

Thymol displayed a concentration-dependent biphasic effect on these parameters: both activation and inactivation were retarded at concentrations of 100–200 μM, but both were significantly accelerated by 600 μM thymol.Effect of thymol on the time- and voltage-dependent properties of the Ca current A,B: Concentration-dependent effects of thymol on the time to peak values (A) and time constant for inactivation (B) of ICa recorded at +10 mV.C: Current-voltage relationship for peak ICa measured in control and in the presence of 300 μM thymol.Superimposed are the theoretical voltage dependencies obtained by fitting Eqn.2 to the averaged data points.D: Ca conductance (GCa) as a function of the membrane potential.Superimposed are again the theoretical voltage dependencies obtained by fitting data to Eqn.Current-voltage relations for ICa were obtained by applying a series of test pulses starting from the holding potential of -100 mV to test potentials increasing from -50 to +60 mV in 10 mV steps in the absence and presence of 300 μM thymol, and peak ICa was plotted against its respective test potential (Figure 2C).

Ca conductance was calculated at each membrane potential using Eqn.2 and 3 (Figure 2D).Effect of 300 μM thymol on activation of ICa was not voltage-dependent as indicated by the unchanged shape of the I-V relationship and GCa-V curves.The estimated variables describing the voltage dependence of channel activation: the voltage of half-maximal conductance (V' = -12.2 ± 2.4 versus -12.8 ± 1.3 mV) and the slope factor (k = 6.1 ± 1.2 versus 4.6 ± 0.7 mV) were not altered significantly by 300 μM thymol in the 8 muscle fibers studied.On the other hand, 300 μM thymol significantly reduced the maximal conductance (Gmax) from a control value of 120 ± 2.7 to 74.3 ± 1.5 S/F.Effect of thymol on K current K current (IK) was activated by sets of 100 or 200 ms long depolarizing voltage pulses arising from the holding potential of -100 mV to test potentials up to +40 mV, increasing in 10 mV steps.The cumulative concentration-dependent effect of thymol was evaluated at +20 mV (Figure 3A), and the results were fitted to the Hill equation yielding a 93 ± 11 μM value of k50 and a slope factor of 1.51 ± 0.18 in average of the 7 muscle fibers studied (Figure 3B).

The analogue IK records were further analyzed to determine activation and inactivation kinetics.Time constant for activation (determined according to Eqn.4 in 7 fibers) was not significantly altered by thymol concentrations up to 300 μM, whereas the monoexponential time constant for inactivation was decreased significantly by 200 and 300 μM thymol (Figure 4A).The action on IK of 300 μM thymol was apparently not voltage-dependent as indicated by the proportional reduction of the current at each test potential between 0 and +40 mV.The effect of thymol was partially reverted upon washout at membrane potentials positive to +20 mV, but little recovery was obtained at less positive voltages (Figure 4B).This was an unexpected result considering the known hydrophobic character of the compound.Conentration-dependent effect of thymol on the K current.A: Superimposed current records elicited by 100 ms long depolarizations to +20 mV in control and in the presence of increasing concentrations of thymol.

B: Average of peak IK normalized to control as a function of the thymol concentration (n = 8).The solid line was obtained by fitting data to the Hill equation.Effect of thymol on the time- and voltage-dependent properties of the K current.A: Concentration-dependent effects of thymol on the activation and inactivation time constants of IK.B: Current-voltage relationship obtained for peak IK in control, in the presence of 300 μM thymol, and after washout.DiscussionWe have shown in this study that thymol exerts concentration-dependent blocking effect on Ca and K currents in skeletal muscle membranes.This suppressive effect, however, was substantially different in terms of k50 values and Hill coefficients.First, the Hill coefficient estimated for the thymol-induced block of K currents was close to unity (1.51), indicating the involvement of a single, independent binding site.In contrast, the inhibitory effect of thymol on ICa was characterized by a Hill coefficient of 2.52, suggesting a strong positive cooperation between the binding sites involved, or alternatively, contribution of more than one mechanism in the block.

The second difference was observed between the sensitivities to thymol.The k50 value estimated when blocking IK (93 μM) was significantly lower than that obtained for ICa block (193 μM).Recent experiments have suggested that intracellular as well as sarcolemmal ion channels might be regulated through their thiol redox state.Oxidizing and reducing reagents have indeed been shown to modulate both K [10] and Ca channels [11, 14] in a variety of tissues.For K channels antioxidants were found to inhibit transmembrane ion currents [10] similarly as described here for thymol.For Ca channels data are more numerous and more diverse.While Campbell et al.[14] described an activation of L-type Ca current in ferret ventricular myocytes upon oxidation, Fearon et al.[15] found an inhibition in expression systems.Similar inhibition was described in guinea-pig cardiomyocytes, where dithiothreitol was capable of reversing the effect of oxidation [16].Recently, some antioxidant phenol analogues were shown to suppress L-type Ca current in smooth muscle cells [11].

The observed effects on smooth muscle (little change in kinetics and voltage dependence of activation with a clear reduction in current amplitude) closely resemble those obtained in the present study on skeletal muscle fibers.Due to the diverse effects of oxidizing and reducing reagents, the effects of thymol can probably be explained only in part with its antioxidant action.As suggested by Fusi et al.[11] direct drug-protein interactions could also take place where thymol may interact with the inactivation machinery of these channels when exerting its inhibitory action.Indeed, thymol failed to modify the voltage dependence of activation of any of the ion currents studied, but caused acceleration of inactivation of the currents.Accordingly, cardiac IK current, which fails to inactivate upon sustained depolarization, showed only limited sensitivity to thymol [9].It should be noted, however, that due to the hydrophobic character of the molecule thymol may accumulate in the membrane and could also modify the local lipid environment of the channel protein.

These additional unspecific lipid-interactions may account for the fractional values of the Hill coefficients, but not for the differences observed in the thymol-induced block of Ca and K currents.Since thymol is a commonly applied constituent of mouth wash, herbal complexes, and dental medication, its overdose resulting in intoxication (accidental swallowing by children or intentional ingestion by adults in case of suicide) may not be ruled out.For instance, several types of mouth wash contain 1% thymol in 200 ml volume.Ingestion of 200 ml 1% thymol solution will build up approximately 300 μM concentration in the whole body fluid, calculating with equal distribution of thymol in extracellular and intracellular body water compartments.This is in the range of the present study, indicating that serious alterations in Ca and K currents can be anticipated in case of thymol intoxication.It has probably more clinical relevance that thymol is used to stabilize liquid halothane when applied for in vitro as well as in vivo studies, or in case of general anesthesia during surgery.

Although the concentration of thymol is relatively low (0.01 %) in the original halothane-thymol mixture [17], its concentration may dramatically increase due to accumulation of thymol in the vaporizer.Indeed, halothane was shown to block Ca and K currents in cardiac [18–20] and skeletal [21] muscle membranes.These effects, obtained with liquid halothane (containing also thymol) in various preparations, strongly resemble the present results and also those of Magyar et al.obtained in canine cardiac cells with thymol [9].It is possible, therefore, that the suppressive effect of halothane on Ca and K currents are – at least in part – attributable to the concomitant presence of thymol in the superfusate.Methods Isolation of rat skeletal muscle fibers Single skeletal muscle fibers were isolated enzymatically from the extensor digitorum communis muscles of rats and mounted into a double Vaseline gap chamber as described earlier [22].Briefly, rats of either sex were anesthetized and killed by cervical dislocation.

The muscles were removed and were treated with collagenase (Sigma, Type I) for 60–90 min at 37°C.After dissociation, fibers were allowed to rest for at least 20 min and only those were used that showed no signs of membrane damage.The selected fiber was transferred into a recording chamber filled with Relaxing solution containing K-glutamate 150, MgCl2 2, HEPES 10 and EGTA 1 mM.The fiber segments in the open-end pools were permeabilized using 0.01% saponin.After completing the permeabilization the solutions were exchanged to Internal solution in the open-end pools (containing Cs-glutamate 120, MgCl2 5.5, Na2-ATP 5, Na-phosphocreatine 10, glucose 10, HEPES 5 and EGTA 5 mM) and to External solution in the middle pool (containing TEA-CH3SO3 140, MgCl2 2, HEPES 5, tetrodotoxin 0.0003 and 3,4-diaminopyridine 1 mM).For Ca current measurements 5 mM CaCl2 was added to the External solution and TEA-CH3SO3 was reduced appropriately, while the EGTA concentration in the Internal solution was increased to 20 mM with reducing Cs-glutamate.

For K current measurements the Internal solution contained 120 mM K-glutamate instead of Cs-glutamate and the External solution was modified to have 140 mM N-methyl-D-glucamine instead of TEA and 4 mM MgCl2 instead of 2 mM.All solutions were adjusted to pH 7.2 and 300 mOsm.Voltage clamp The experimental set-up and data acquisition have been described in detail in our earlier report [23].Fibers were voltage-clamped and the holding potential was set to -100 mV.All experiments were performed at 16–18°C.Ca current was measured using 800 ms long depolarizing voltage pulses exploring the -50 to +60 mV voltage range.The linear capacitive component was subtracted by applying 20 mV hyperpolarizing pulses [24].K current was measured using 100 or 200 ms long depolarizing voltage steps exploring the -80 to +40 mV voltage range.Concentration dependent effects of thymol on ionic currents were determined using the Hill equation: I = 1 - 1 / (1 + (k50 / [thymol]) n), (Eqn.1) where k50 is the concentration where the effect is half maximal and n is the Hill coefficient.

The peak current versus voltage relationship for ICa was fitted with: I = (Vm - VCa) * G(Vm), (Eqn.2) where Vm is transmembrane potential, VCa is the equilibrium potential estimated for Ca, and G(Vm) is the voltage dependence of the conductance given as: G(Vm) = Gmax / (1 + exp (- (Vm - V') / k)), (Eqn.3) where Gmax is the maximal conductance, V' is the potential where the conductance is half of Gmax, and k is the slope factor.All currents and the maximal conductance were normalized to fiber capacitance to take the size of the individual fibers into account.The activation kinetics of the K current was fitted with the usual m4 kinetics: IK(t) = A * (1 - exp (- (t - t0) / T)) 4, (Eqn.4) where A is the amplitude of the current, T is the time constant of the activation and t0 is the delay.Statistics All values presented are arithmetic means ± SEM.Student's t test for paired data was applied following ANOVA to determine statistical significance.Differences were considered significant when the P value was less than 0.05.